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http://www.biologycorner.com/bio3/notes-parasite.html
-an organism that lives on or in the body of another organism (the host) and causes damage to the other organism
Types of Parasites
Ectoparasites - live/feed on the exterior of an organism (tick)
Endoparasites - live/feed on the interior of an organism (tapeworm)
We will focus on two kingdoms:
Protist parasites and Animal Parasites
Disease: Malaria (Phylum Sporozoa) |
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Disease: Cryptosporidosis (Phylum Sporozoa) |
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Disease: African Sleeping Sickness (Phylum Zoomastigophora) |
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Disease: Hiker's Diarrhea (Phylum Zoomastigophora) |
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Disease: Amebic Dysentery (Phylum Rhizopoda) |
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Most parasites are contracted from water sources, either directly ingesting contaminated water, or being infected through the skin. The best way to prevent parasitic infections is to have a clean water supply and waste treatment. |
Animal Parasites (Kingdom Animalia)
Roundworms - Phylum Nematoda
Ascaris - common roundworm, found in dogs, cats and humans; infection occurs from ingestion |
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Hookworm - attaches to intestine, causes bleeding, infection occurs through the skin |
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Pinworms - commonly infect children in all parts of the world (including US), causing itching around the anus but does not usually cause any other health problems |
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Guinnea Worm |
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Flatworms
Schistosoma |
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Taenia |
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Liver Fluke |
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Causal Agent:
The nematode (roundworm) Enterobius vermicularis (previously Oxyuris vermicularis) also called human pinworm. (Adult females: 8 to 13 mm, adult male: 2 to 5 mm.) Humans are considered to be the only hosts of E. vermicularis. A second species, Enterobius gregorii, has been described and reported from Europe, Africa, and Asia. For all practical purposes, the morphology, life cycle, clinical presentation, and treatment of E. gregorii is identical to E. vermicularis.
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"Retroinfection, or the migration of newly hatched larvae from the anal skin back into the rectum, may occur but the frequency with which this happens is unknown." |
Eggs are deposited on perianal folds. Self-infection occurs by transferring infective eggs to the mouth with hands that have scratched the perianal area. Person-to-person transmission can also occur through handling of contaminated clothes or bed linens. Enterobiasis may also be acquired through surfaces in the environment that are contaminated with pinworm eggs (e.g., curtains, carpeting). Some small number of eggs may become airborne and inhaled. These would be swallowed and follow the same development as ingested eggs. Following ingestion of infective eggs, the larvae hatch in the small intestine and the adults establish themselves in the colon. The time interval from ingestion of infective eggs to oviposition by the adult females is about one month. The life span of the adults is about two months. Gravid females migrate nocturnally outside the anus and oviposit while crawling on the skin of the perianal area. The larvae contained inside the eggs develop (the eggs become infective) in 4 to 6 hours under optimal conditions. Retroinfection, or the migration of newly hatched larvae from the anal skin back into the rectum, may occur but the frequency with which this happens is unknown.
source: http://www.dpd.cdc.gov/dpdx/HTML/Enterobiasis.htm








Image Library - ParasitesThe following microphotographic images of parasites were taken at the Oregon State Public Health Laboratory. The OSPHL Parasitology Department is equipped with a Leica DC 200 digital camera mounted on a Leica DMLS microscope. This equipment is used in conjunction with the Division of Parasitic Diseases (DPDx) at the Centers for Disease Control & Prevention (CDC) to aid in the rapid diagnosis of unusual or difficult parasitic diseases using digital images and the Internet. Use this alphabetical list to jump down the page, then click on a thumbnail image to see a larger version of that particular parasite.
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Hookworm infestation, known also as ancylostomiasis, is the most common and most serious endoparasitic infection of dogs in the tropics, and affects cats as well, although to a lesser extent. Adult hookworms attach to small arteries within the intestines of the host and take blood meals directly. As a truly prolific egg producer, the female canine hookworm lays up to 30,000 ova per day, which are then passed into the environment via the animal's droppings.


The canine hookworm larvae hatch in soil where they develop and await a passing host that is susceptible to infestation. A dog may ingest soil containing the larvae, or more commonly, the larval hookworms enter the animal by penetrating the paws. Over time, the larvae migrate within the body to the lungs, ascend the respiratory tract, and eventually are swallowed. They move through the digestive system until they reach the lining of the small intestine, where they attach and feed, starting the cycle once again.
With a typical three-week life cycle, infestation becomes particularly problematic in tropical or sub-tropical environs. Dogs suffering from hookworm loadings in their guts often experience weight loss, diarrhea, black and tarry stools, and severe anemia. Significant infestations may be fatal for puppies. Unlike some other hookworm species and other endoparasites, the canine hookworm can also infest humans.
Contributing Authors
Cynthia D. Kelly , Thomas J. Fellers and Michael W. Davidson - National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, 1800 East Paul Dirac Dr., The Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, 32310.
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Recommended Links:
Ingrid Naiman; For better understanding of Parasites
Dr. Hulda Clark's website on Parasites
Dr. Hulda Clarks' Parasite cleansing formulas
Artemisia; AN HERBAL MIRACLE DRUG?
Cloves (1) -- (Cloves Second Source)
Walnut (1) -- (Walnut Second Source)
Wormwood or Artemisia Annua (1) -- (Wormwood Second Source)
Artemisia annua L.: A Promising Aromatic and Medicinal
Distribution of Artemisinin in Artemisia annua*
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