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Parasite

http://www.biologycorner.com/bio3/notes-parasite.html

 

-an organism that lives on or in the body of another organism (the host) and causes damage to the other organism

Types of Parasites

Ectoparasites - live/feed on the exterior of an organism (tick)
Endoparasites - live/feed on the interior of an organism (tapeworm)

We will focus on two kingdoms:
Protist parasites and Animal Parasites

Parasitic Protists

Disease: Malaria (Phylum Sporozoa)
Protist: Plasmodium
Vector: Anopheles Mosquito
Symptoms: Chills, fever
See Life Cycle of Malaria ; Read More on Malaria

Disease: Cryptosporidosis (Phylum Sporozoa)
Protist: Cryptosproridium
Vector: Contaminated water
Symptoms: diarrhea, nausea, vomitting

Disease: African Sleeping Sickness (Phylum Zoomastigophora)
Protist: Trypanosoma
Vector: Tse Tse Fly
Symptoms: uncontrolled sleepiness
See Life Cycle of Trypanosoma

Disease: Hiker's Diarrhea (Phylum Zoomastigophora)
Protist: Giardia lamblia
Vector: contaminated water
Symptoms: diarrhea, vomitting, cramps

Disease: Amebic Dysentery (Phylum Rhizopoda)
Protist: Entamoeba Histolytica
Vector: Contaminated water
Symptoms: diarrhea

 

 

Most parasites are contracted from water sources, either directly ingesting contaminated water, or being infected through the skin. The best way to prevent parasitic infections is to have a clean water supply and waste treatment.


Animal Parasites (Kingdom Animalia)

Roundworms - Phylum Nematoda

Ascaris - common roundworm, found in dogs, cats and humans; infection occurs from ingestion

Hookworm - attaches to intestine, causes bleeding, infection occurs through the skin

Pinworms - commonly infect children in all parts of the world (including US), causing itching around the anus but does not usually cause any other health problems

Guinnea Worm
--also known as fiery worm, or dracunculus
-- worms found just under skin, cause burning
Trichinella--worm embeds in muscles
--humans become infected from eating undercooked pork
--symptoms include soreness and tenderness of the muscles
--see Life Cycle of Guinnea Worm

Flatworms

Phylum Platyhelminthes

Schistosoma
--blood fluke
--intermediate host is a water snail
--humans are infected through the skin by larval form (cercariae)
-- Schistosomiasis results in approx. 1,000,000 deaths per yer
--See Life Cycle of Schistosoma

Taenia
--tapeworm found in cattle and pigs
--can infect humans
--segments called proglottids for reproduction
--head is the scolex

Liver Fluke
--this flatworm has several species that inhabit a variety of animals
--Fasciola hepatica - common sheep liver fluke
--Fasciolopsis buski - infects humans (See Life Cycle below )

Also see Naegleria fowleri

 

Parasite Life Cycle ; Pinworm

Causal Agent:

The nematode (roundworm) Enterobius vermicularis (previously Oxyuris vermicularis) also called human pinworm.  (Adult females: 8 to 13 mm, adult male: 2 to 5 mm.)  Humans are considered to be the only hosts of E. vermicularis.  A second species, Enterobius gregorii, has been described and reported from Europe, Africa, and Asia.  For all practical purposes, the morphology, life cycle, clinical presentation, and treatment of E. gregorii is identical to E. vermicularis.

"Retroinfection, or the migration of newly hatched larvae from the anal skin back into the rectum, may occur but the frequency with which this happens is unknown."

Eggs are deposited on perianal folds.  Self-infection occurs by transferring infective eggs to the mouth with hands that have scratched the perianal area.  Person-to-person transmission can also occur through handling of contaminated clothes or bed linens.  Enterobiasis may also be acquired through surfaces in the environment that are contaminated with pinworm eggs (e.g., curtains, carpeting).  Some small number of eggs may become airborne and inhaled.  These would be swallowed and follow the same development as ingested eggs.  Following ingestion of infective eggs, the larvae hatch in the small intestine and the adults establish themselves in the colon.  The time interval from ingestion of infective eggs to oviposition by the adult females is about one month.  The life span of the adults is about two months.  Gravid females migrate nocturnally outside the anus and oviposit while crawling on the skin of the perianal area.  The larvae contained inside the eggs develop (the eggs become infective) in 4 to 6 hours under optimal conditions.  Retroinfection, or the migration of newly hatched larvae from the anal skin back into the rectum, may occur but the frequency with which this happens is unknown.

 

Geographic Distribution:

Worldwide, with infections more frequent in school- or preschool- children and in crowded conditions.  Enterobiasis appears to be more common in temperate than tropical countries.  The most common helminthic infection in the United States (an estimated 40 million persons infected).

source: http://www.dpd.cdc.gov/dpdx/HTML/Enterobiasis.htm

Read more about Pinworms

 

More life cycles:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Read More about Malaria

 

 

 

 

 

 

More Life Cycles

 

Image Library - Parasites

The following microphotographic images of parasites were taken at the Oregon State Public Health Laboratory. The OSPHL Parasitology Department is equipped with a Leica DC 200 digital camera mounted on a Leica DMLS microscope. This equipment is used in conjunction with the Division of Parasitic Diseases (DPDx) at the Centers for Disease Control & Prevention (CDC) to aid in the rapid diagnosis of unusual or difficult parasitic diseases using digital images and the Internet.

Use this alphabetical list to jump down the page, then click on a thumbnail image to see a larger version of that particular parasite.

Balantidium coli trophozoite-51K jpeg Balantidium coli trophozoite

 

Baylisascaris egg:Time Lapse animation-390K; This egg came from a racoon, but the same results can sometimes be seen in Ascaris eggs from human samples. Baylisascaris egg
(time lapse animation)

 

Blastocystis hominis-15K jpeg Blastocystis hominis

Chilomastix mesnili-13K jpeg Chilomastix mesnili

 

Clonorchis sinensis egg Clonorchis sinensis egg
(focal animation - QuickTime®)

Focal image of a Clonorchis sinensis egg. Click the thumbnail image to see this 278K animation. (Note: When viewing the animation, you can control the depth of focus by using the mouse to grab and slide the slider button.)

 

Cryptosporidium oocyst-31K jpeg Cryptosporidium oocyst

 

Entamoeba coli-15K jpeg Entamoeba coli

 

Entamoeba hartmanni-9K jpeg Entamoeba hartmanni

 

Entamoeba histolytica/dispar-242K gif Entamoeba histolytica /dispar
(focal animation)

 

Giardia lamblia, cyst, wet mount (focal animation)-190K Giardia lamblia cyst
Wet mount

(focal animation)

 

Giardia lamblia-9K jpeg Giardia lamblia
Trichrome

 

Giardia lamblia, trophozoite, wet mount (focal animation)-190K Giardia lamblia trophozoite
Wet mount

(focal animation)

 

Giardia lamblia-7K jpeg Giardia lamblia
Wet mount

 

Hookworm egg-25K jpeg Hookworm egg

 

Hymenolepis nana egg-39K jpeg Hymenolepis nana egg

 

Iodamoeba buetschlii-10K jpeg Iodamoeba buetschlii

 

Morel spore; artifact-28K jpeg Morel spore; artifact

Nanophyetus species-50K jpeg Nanophyetus species

Plasmodium vivax-16K jpeg Plasmodium vivax

Trichuris, Ascaris, Hookworm-Roundworm comparison-75K jpeg Roundworm comparison

 

Strongyloides stercoralis-65K jpeg Strongyloides stercoralis

 

Trichuris trichiura-20K jpeg Trichuris trichiura

 

Canine Hookworm

Hookworm infestation, known also as ancylostomiasis, is the most common and most serious endoparasitic infection of dogs in the tropics, and affects cats as well, although to a lesser extent. Adult hookworms attach to small arteries within the intestines of the host and take blood meals directly. As a truly prolific egg producer, the female canine hookworm lays up to 30,000 ova per day, which are then passed into the environment via the animal's droppings.

 

The canine hookworm larvae hatch in soil where they develop and await a passing host that is susceptible to infestation. A dog may ingest soil containing the larvae, or more commonly, the larval hookworms enter the animal by penetrating the paws. Over time, the larvae migrate within the body to the lungs, ascend the respiratory tract, and eventually are swallowed. They move through the digestive system until they reach the lining of the small intestine, where they attach and feed, starting the cycle once again.

With a typical three-week life cycle, infestation becomes particularly problematic in tropical or sub-tropical environs. Dogs suffering from hookworm loadings in their guts often experience weight loss, diarrhea, black and tarry stools, and severe anemia. Significant infestations may be fatal for puppies. Unlike some other hookworm species and other endoparasites, the canine hookworm can also infest humans.

Contributing Authors

Cynthia D. Kelly , Thomas J. Fellers and Michael W. Davidson - National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, 1800 East Paul Dirac Dr., The Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, 32310.

 

Read more on Parasites

Parasites Alphabetical

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On the Net

Recommended Links:

Ingrid Naiman; For better understanding of Parasites

Dr. Hulda Clark's website on Parasites

Dr. Hulda Clarks' Parasite cleansing formulas

Artemisia; AN HERBAL MIRACLE DRUG?

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Walnut (1) -- (Walnut Second Source)

Wormwood or Artemisia Annua (1) -- (Wormwood Second Source)

Artemisia annua L.: A Promising Aromatic and Medicinal

Distribution of Artemisinin in Artemisia annua*

Effect of Water Stress and Post-Harvest Handling on Artemisinin Content in the Leaves of Artemisia annua L

 

 

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