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Parasitic Protists
http://tolweb.org/accessory/Parasitic_Protists?acc_id=53
David J. Patterson
Many of the parasites which have the greatest effect on our collective health and economy, and which have influenced the fates of nations, are protists. Most significantly, they include the agents of sleeping sickness and malaria. Sleeping sickness is caused by a kinetoplastid flagellate. The direct impact of sleeping sickness on humans is now much reduced, but in the 19th century, it wreaked destruction in Africa, facilitated by ill-informed moralistically motivated colonialists (Ford 1971). Malaria, caused by Plasmodium - an apicomplexan alveolate - remains the number one infectious disease affecting people.
Protists embrace many species which are found within invertebrate and vertebrate animals, within plants, or even within other protists. Some of these 'endobionts' are clearly pathogenic, but the nature of the relationship between others seem to be more benign. At one end of the spectrum Phytophthora, a stramenopile, levels large tracts of native woodlands of Australia by invading the plants through their roots. On the other hands, opalines live happily in the backsides of frogs, while hypermastigid flagellates and entodiniomorph ciliates probably supply their hosts with the capacity to digest their food.
Parasites are drawn from many groups of protists. The adaptive form varies from amoeboid (Entamoeba), amoebo-flagellate (Naegleria), flagellated (trypanosomes), ciliates (Balantidium), to sporozoa (Plasmodium). Some groups have diversified as parasites (Microsporidia, Apicomplexa). The parasitic life style often leads to organizational regression. Organisms which may have a clear body form or have organelles such as flagella, may lose those features while they are located within other cells. In some cases, this regression is extreme. Microsporidia, which lack flagella, dictyosomes, mitochondria, are now believed to be a highly derived form of eukaryotes, and Myxozoa are a highly derived form of metazoan.
Groups of Protistan Parasites
| Name of group |
Organization |
Composition |
| Alveolates |
sporozoan, flagellates, ciliates |
Apicomplexa is a major group comprised almost entirely of parasitic protozoa. It includes the agents of malaria (Plasmodium). A small number of the dinoflagellates and ciliates may also parasitize invertebrates. |
| Coelosporidium |
|
|
| Ellobiopsids |
flagellates |
|
| Entamoebae |
amoebae |
a few genera of amitochondriate amoebae, e.g. Entamoeba |
| Excavates |
flagellates, amoebae |
diplomonads (e.g. Giardia) and retortamonads are parasitic; (others are free living) |
| Haplosporids |
sporozoa |
|
| Nephridiophagids |
flagellates |
e.g. Nephridiophaga |
| Opisthokonts |
fungal, animal |
a small proportion of fungi and animals are parasitic, though the important ones may be important to human health and economy; microsporidia (e.g. Nosema) and myxospora occur here. |
| Oxymonads |
flagellates |
e.g. Oxymonas |
| Parabasalids |
flagellates |
e.g. Trichomonas, and the hypermastigids which live in the intestines of termites and some other insects |
| Paramyxea |
sporozoa |
|
| Pelobionts |
flagellates |
A few species, e.g. in Mastigina, are parasites |
| Plasmodiophorids |
flagellates |
e.g. Plasmodiophora |
| Pseudospora |
amoeb-flagellates, one genus |
Pseudospora |
| Ramicristates |
amoebae |
some genera of amoebae are facultative parasites or parasites most usually of the digestive tracts of invertebrates and vertebrates. e.g. Acanthamoeba, |
| Rosette agent |
|
un-named parasite |
| Stramenopiles |
fungal, flagellated, amoeboid |
A few taxa are parasites, such as oomycete fungi, Blastocystis, and the opalines |
Genera of parasitic protists which have not been studied by electron microscopy and for which no clear identity has emerged (after Patterson, 1999):
- Amoeboaphelidium
- Amylophagus
- Aphelidiopsis
- Barbetia
- Bertarellia
- Bertramia
- Cibdelia
- Cingula
- Cristalloidophora
- Cytamoeba
- Dermocystidium
- Dinemula
- Diplophysalis
- Ducelleria
|
- Echinococcidium
- Ectobiella
- Elleipsisoma
- Embryocola
- Endamoeba
- Endemosarca
- Endobiella
- Endomonas
- Endospora
- Eperythrocytozoon
- Globidiellum
- Gymnococcus
- Haematotractidium
- Hyalochlorella
|
- Ichthyophonus
- Immnoplasma
- Labyrinthomyxa
- Lymphocytozoon
- Lymphosporidium
- Mononema
- Myrmicisporidium
- Naupliicola
- Neurosporidium
- Ovicola
- Palisporomonas
- Paradinemula
- Paraplasma
- Parastasia
|
- Parastasiella
- Physcosporidium
- Piridium
- Polysporella
- Protenterospora
- Protomonas
- Protomyxa
- Pseudoaphelidium
- Pseudosporopsis
- Rhabdospora
- Rhinosporidium
- Rhyncodinium
- Sergentella
- Serpentoplasma
|
- Spermatobium
- Sphaerasuctans
- Spiriopsis
- Spirogregarina
- Toxocystis
- Trophosphaera
- X-cells
|
References
Ford, J. 1971. The Role of the Trypanosomiases in African Ecology. A Study of the Tsetse Fly Problem. Clarendon Press, Oxford.
Kreier, J. 1991-1995. Parasitic Protozoa. Second Edition. Academic Press.
Parasitic Protists
Parasite - an organism that lives on or in a host organism and causes harm to that organism
Vector - an organism that can carry a parasite, and is responsible for infecting other organisms (host) with that parasite. Vectors themselves are not harmful, but in the battle against human disease, controlling the vector can control the transmission of parasites.
Malaria
Protist: Plasmodium
Vector: Anopholes Mosquito
Statistics:
- According to the World Health Organization, 300-500 million cases of malaria occur each year
- Malaria results in 1.5-2.7 million deaths per year (much more than AIDS)
- Most cases occur in Africa and South America
- Symptoms include fever, headache, vomitting and other flu-like symptoms
- The protist lives inside the bloodstrea, eventually clogging capillaries and destroying blood cells, which will lead to death if not treated
The arrow points to the purplish colored protist (Plasmodium), the pinkish spheres are blood cells |
Anopheles moquisto taking a blood meal, this is how a human becomes infected with plasmodium and contracts Malaria |
African Sleeping Sickness (or Trypanosomiasis)
Protist: Trypanosoma
Vector: Tse Tse Fly
Statistics:
- Occurs mostly in sub-saharan africa
- Symptoms include fever, headaches, pain in joints -followed by a phase when the parasite infects the central nervous system, causing confusion, lack of coordination, and uncontrolled sleepiness. Without treatment, the host will die
- For more information, see http://www.who.int/emc/diseases/tryp/trypanodis.html
This slide shows a blood smear of a person infected with trypanosoma. The protist is the purplish colored string-like things. They appear string-like due to a flagella. The reddish circles are blood cells. |
Giardiasis
Protist: Giardia
Transmission: Drinking contaminated water (usually outdoor streams and other untreated water)
Symptoms: Severe diarrhea and vomitting, the protist takes up residence in the digestive tract.
B = Protist, Giardia
A = flagella |
Other Protist Parasites
Cryptsporidium - this protist was responsible for a major health crisis in detroit when the city's drinking water became contaminated
Amebic Dysentery - also known as Montezuma's Revenge, travellers often contract this in other countries (causes diarrhea)
Questions for Thought
1. Does the United States have a responsibility toward treating and containing parasitic infections found in other parts of the world?
2. Why is controlling the vector important to control the disease?
3. One of the best ways to prevent many parasitic infections is to have a source of clean water. Why do you think many third world countries have more incidence of parasitic infection that other countries?
Protists
Protists belong to the Kingdom Protista, which include mostly unicellular organisms that do not fit into the other kingdoms.
Chararacteristics of Protists
- mostly unicellular, some are multicullular (algae)
- can be heterotrophic or autotrophic
- most live in water (though some live in moist soil or even the human body)
- many have method of movement
- ALL are eukaryotic (have a nucleus)
Protozoa - name means "first-animal"
Protozoa are animal-like protists, that is they move and eat and behave like animals. They are heterotrophic
Algae - plant-like protists, most do not move, they use choroplasts to photosynthesize (autotrophic). Many algae are multicellular.
Examples of Protozoa
Ameba (See Ameba Coloring Sheet)
lives in water
appear like blobs
moves using pseudopodia ( "false feet" ), which are like extensions of the cytoplasm
reproducing by binary fission (mitosis)
contractile vacuole - removes excess water
can cause amebic dysentery in humans - diarrhea and stomach upset from drinking contaminated water
ingests food by surrounding and engulfing food (endocytosis)
Paramecium (See Paramecium Coloring Sheet)
live in water
shaped like a shoe
have complex organelles: contractile vacuole, mouth pore, anal pore
move using cilia
exhibits avoidance behavior
reproduces asexually (binary fission) or sexually (conjugation)
outer membrane-pellicle- is rigid and paramecia are always the same shape
ingests food through a mouth pore
On the Net
Recommended Links:
Ingrid Naiman; For better understanding of Parasites
Dr. Hulda Clark's website on Parasites
Dr. Hulda Clarks' Parasite cleansing formulas
Artemisia; AN HERBAL MIRACLE DRUG?
Cloves (1) -- (Cloves Second Source)
Walnut (1) -- (Walnut Second Source)
Wormwood or Artemisia Annua (1) -- (Wormwood Second Source)
Artemisia annua L.: A Promising Aromatic and Medicinal
Distribution of Artemisinin in Artemisia annua*
Effect of Water Stress and Post-Harvest Handling on Artemisinin Content in the Leaves of Artemisia annua L
